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The major allergen of marine invertebrate is tropomyosin (TM). Thermodynamic and molecular dynamics approaches have revealed that TMs from strongly allergenic organisms show higher thermal stability than those from less allergenic ones. Especially, the epitope regions show higher stability compared with the non-epitope ones. To reduce allergenicity of invertebrate muscles, partial elimination of TM from shrimp muscle by boiling was successful, resulting in ca. 10% of remnant TM at the maximum. The elimination ratio was high enough for shrimp TM not to induce objective reaction...
Bees inhabit every continent except Antarctic; thus, bee stings occur in almost all the world. Bee stings can cause symptoms ranging from mild, such as edema and skin rashes, to anaphylactic reactions and death. In this book chapter, aspects related to the epidemiology of bee stings, bee venom compounds, bee venom-induced allergy, and recommended therapy will be discussed.